P Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer
to people or things. These pronouns can be divided into more categories.
1.
Singular
or plural (according to numbers)
2.
First,
second, or third person (According to persons)
3. Subjective or objective case and possessive (according to cases)
- The first person indicates the person speaking or writing.
- The second person indicates the person being spoken or written to.
- The third person indicates the person, people, thing, or things being spoken or written about.
Examples:
I am not going to the party. [First person, singular, subjective]The fight ends with me. [First person, singular, objective]
We could not discover the root of the issue. [First person, plural, subjective]
*Pronoun, “You” is considered both singular and plural and used in both the subjective and objective case.
Possessive Pronouns
The third case is
possessive. Possessive pronouns function as an adjective that shows ownership
or relationship – She is my favorite person.
They can be identified as first, second, or third person and singular or plural as well.
Examples:
1. We are leaving
our lives in the hands of the rescue team. [First person, plural]
The others’
opinions are irrelevant; the only one that matters is yours. [Second person,
singular]
Their
conclusions overstepped the bounds of their research. [Third person, plural]
I cannot find
its case. [Third person, singular]
Reflexive Pronouns
As shown by their names,
these pronouns reflect the reader’s attention back to the subject of the
sentence – Ram completed his homework by himself.
Reflexive pronouns are
used in two main situations:
- When the subject
and direct object is the same thing.
- When the subject
and object of a preposition are the same.
Singular Plural First
Person myself ourselves Second Person yourself yourselves Third Person himself,
themselves herself, itself
Note: The forms His
self, their selves, and themself are not words in the English language.
Examples:
a.
Type 1: Jamil shot himself in the foot.
b.
Type 2: I talk
to myself quite relentlessly. You are more afraid of yourself than anyone else.
Intensive Pronouns
Their spellings are
same in form as reflexive pronouns but are used to stress on the subject–
Examples: -They
themselves were unsure.
Note: To distinguish
between reflexive and intensive pronouns is to remove the pronoun from the
sentence – if the sentence still makes sense, the pronoun is intensive.
Examples:
1. We ourselves would have never considered it an option.
2. I have climbed The Himalayas three times myself.
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns
describe clauses. They are categorized into those used for
1.
People (who, whom,
and whose)
2.
Things (which
and that)
People pronouns
are either subjective or objective and either restrictive or non‐restrictive.
Thing pronouns
are either restrictive or non‐restrictive.
Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns have the the same form as relative pronouns but are used to introduce a question instead.
Examples:
a.
Which one do you
want?
b.
Whose is this?
c.
Whom are you
looking for?
d.
Who is it?
Demonstrative Pronouns
These four pronouns –
this, that, these, those – are used to point to a specific noun or nouns and
indicate a position relative to the speaker.
Example: Are those the shoes you wanted? [Points to a specific pair in a specific location away from the speaker.]
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are
considered indefinite because they do not refer directly to a clearly specified
noun. While they often suggest a number or amount (some, all, everyone, few),
the measure is not specific. These pronouns can be tricky because some of them
can be both singular and plural.
Examples:
a. Someone has to take out the trash. (Singular)
b. Neither of the participants was comfortable.
(Singular)
c. Most of the audience responds to this type of
persuasion. (Plural)
d. Each of the students identifies a few of his/her
favorite hobbies. (Singular; plural)
Reciprocal Pronouns
These pronouns are actually phrases made up of pairs of pronouns—one another and each other. These pronouns indicate a relationship between the individuals of the plural subject such that the individual members of the subject “take each other as their objects”.
Example: Radha and Shayma are fond of each other.
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