Word(s) Formation - How to change word forms?

Word – a group of some meaningful alphabets is called a word. It must contain any one of the vowel letters or even a consonant with the vowel sound. “I” and “A” are exceptions because they complete and meaningful in single letter.

Words, which are, divided in different word classes according to their nature and uses like nouns, verbs, adverbs and so on and they can be interchanged in different words classes as required.

A word comes from a basic form, which is known as a root word.

We can word classes by many ways such as –

·         Joining two or more words

Ex: -       Blackboard (Noun)

Black + board

Black is an adjective while board is a noun.  

·         By changing the body of the root words

Ex: -       Advice - (Noun)

                Advise – (Verb) – There we can see the change in consonant.

 

·         With the help of various prefixes or suffixes

Ex: -       Usefulness (Noun)                                          Use (Verb) + ful + ness (suffix)

Misunderstood (adjective)                          Mis (Prefix) + understood (verb)             

 

These types of words can be grouped under three categories.

 

1.       Compound words: -                        formed by joining two or more words.

2.       Primary Derivatives: -                     formed by making some changes in the body of the root word.

3.       Secondary Derivatives: -                               formed by an addition to the beginning or at the end of the word.

 

Compound words

Compound Nouns


1.       Noun + Noun

Moonlight

2.       Adjective + Noun

Sweetheart

 

3.       Verb + Noun

Breakfast

4.       Gerund + Noun

Writing table

 

5.       Adverb/Preposition + Noun

Overcoat

6.       Verb + Adverb

Drawback

7.       Adverb + Noun

Income


Compound Adjective


1.       Noun + Adjective/ Participle

Sky-blue

 

2.       Adjective + Adjective

Lukewarm

 

3.       Adverb + Participles

Everlasting


Compound Verbs


1.       Noun + Verb

Typewrite

2.       Adjective + Verb

Whitewash

3.       Adverb+ Verb

Upset

Forming Noun from verb by adding: -ER, OR, ION, ING, MENT, AL


1.       Play + er = player

2.       work + er = worker

3.       sing + er = singer

4.       sell + er = seller

5.       collect + or=collector

6.        inspect + or = inspector

7.       act + or = actor

8.        sail + or = sailor

9.       connect + ion = connection

10.   attract + ion = attraction

11.   protect + ion = protection

12.   build + ing = building

13.   repair + ing=repairing

14.   move + ment = movement

15.   approve + al = approval


Forming noun from adjectives by adding: -NESS, DOM, TH, RY


1.       Weak + ness = weakness

2.       Fresh + ness = freshness

3.       Kind + ness = kindness

4.       Free + dom = freedom

5.       Wise + dom = wisdom

6.       True + th = truth

7.       Brave + ry = bravery

8.       Slave +ry = slavery

Forming adjective from nouns by adding: - FUL, LY, LESS, EN, OUS, ABLE, ISH


1.       Fear + ful = fearful

2.       Harm+ ful = harmful

3.       Mercy + ful = merciful

4.       Hope + ful = hopeful

5.       Week + ly = weekly

6.       Body + ly = bodily

7.       Year + ly = yearly

8.       Care + less = careless

9.       Use + less = useless

10.   Mercy +less = merciless

11.   Wool + en = woolen

12.   Silk + en = silken

13.   Gold + en = golden

14.   Danger + ous = dangerous

15.   Courage + ous = courageous

16.   Comfort + able = comfortable

17.   Value + able = valuable

18.   Fool +ish = foolish


 

Forming adverbs fro adjectives by adding: - LY, ILY


1.       Brave + ly = bravely

2.       Slow + ly = slowly

 

3.       Happy + ily = happily


 Forming adverbs from nouns by adding: - FULLY, ILY


1.       purpose + fully = purposefully

2.       Anger + ily = angrily

Forming nouns from noun by adding: - DOM, ER, HOOD, IAN, RY SHIP


1.       Village - village + r = villager 

2.       Farm – farm + er = farmer 

3.       Office -office + r = officer

4.       Boy – boy + hood = boyhood

5.       Music– music + ian = musician

6.       Library library + ian = librarian

7.       Slave – slave + ry = slavery

8.       Poet poet + ry = poetry

9.       Friend friend + ship = friendship

10.   Scholar scholar+ship=scholarship


English prefixes


A (On, In, Out)

Be (By)

For (Thoroughly)

Fore (Before)

Gain (Against)

In (In)

Mis (Wrong)

Over (Above)

To (This)

Un (Not / To Reverse An Action)

Under (Beneath, Below)

With (Against/With)


 

Latin Prefixes


Ab,A,Abs (From Away)

Ad,Ac,Af,Ag,Al,An,An,Ap,Ar,As,At,A(To Adjoin)

Ambi, Amb,Am(On Both Sides/Around)

Ante,Anti,An (Before)

Bene(Well)

Bis,Bi,Bin(Twice)

Circum,Circu(Around)

De(Down)

Dis,Dif,Dl(Apart)

Demi(Half)

Ex,Ef,E (Out Of)

Extra (Beyond/Outside)

In,Il,Im,Ir,N,Em(In/ Into)

Inter,Intro,Enter (Among/Within)

Male,Mal(ILL/Badly)

Non (Not)

Ob,Oc,Of(In The Way Of/Against)

Pen(Almost)

Per,Pel (Through)

Post(After)

Pre(Before)

Preter(Beyond)

Re (Back,Again)

Retro(Backwards)

Se,Sed(Apart)

Semi(Half)

Sine(Without)

Sub, Suc, Suf, Sug, Sum, Sup, Sur, Sus (Under)

Subter (Beneth)

Super (Above)

Trans,Tra,Tres(Across)

Vice (In The Place Of)


 

Greek Prefixes


A, an (without, not)

Amphi(around)

Ana ( Up,back)

Anti,ant (against)

Apo,ap( from)

Arch,archi (chief)

Auto (self)

Cata (down)

Di (twice)

Dia 9Trough)

Dys(badly)

En,em (In)

Epi(upon)

Eu(Well)

Ex,ec (Out of)

Hemi (half)

HoMo,hom (like)

Hyper (over)

Hypo (Over, beyond)

Meta,Met (implying changes)

Mono (alone)

Pan (all)

Para (beside)

Peri round)

Philo,Phll (love)

Pro (before)

Syn,sym,syl,sy(with, together)


 

English suffixes

Of Noun


Denoting agents

Er,ar,or,yer ster,ter,ther

 

Denoting state, action,condition,being

Dom,hood,head,lock,ledge,ness,red,ship,th

Forming Diminutives

El,en,le,kin,let,ling,ock


Of adjective


Ed (having)

En (made of)

Ful(full of)

Ish (somewhat like)

Less (free from/without)

Ly(like)

Some(with the quality of)

Ward (Inclining to)


 

Of verbs


En (casutive)

Se(to make)

Er (intensive/Frequentative)


Af Adverbs


Ly (like)

 

Ward, wards (turning to)

Way, ways (straight)

Wise (manner)


Latin suffixes

 Denoting agents or thing

Ain,an,en,on,ar,er,eer,ier,ary,ate,ee,ey,y,or,,our,eur,er

 

Denoting state, action, result of an action

Age (bondage)

Ance,ence (abundance)

Cy (fancy)

Ion (action)

Ice,ise (servive)

Ment,

Mony,

Tude,ty,ure,y

 

Forming diminutives

cule,ule,cel,sel,el,le,et,ette

Denoting place

aryery,ry,ter,tre

 

of adjective

al,an,ane,ar,ary,ate,ble,ible,able,esque,id,ile,ine,ive,lentose,ous

 

Of verbs

ate,esce,fy,ish

Greek suffixes

ic,ique,ist,sk,ism,asm,ize,sissy,e,y

 

A few Latin roots

Equus (equal)

Ager (a field)

Ago,actus (I do)

Alius (another)

Amo (I love)


Angulus (A Cornor)

Anima (Life)

Annus (A Year)

Aperio (I Open)

Aqua (Water)

Appello (I Call)

Audio (I Hear)

Bellum (War)

Bene  (Well)

Brevis (Short)

Caedo (I Cut)

Candeo (I Shine)

Capio (I Take)

Caput (The Head)

Caro (Flesh)

Cedo (I Go/Yield)

Centrum (Centre)

Centum (A Hundred)

Cerno (I Distinguish)

Civis (Citizen)

Clamo (I Shout)

Claudo (I Shut)

Colo (I Till)

Cor  (The Heart)

Corpus (The Body)

Credo (I Believe)

Cresco (I Grow)

Crux (A Cross-)

Culpa (A Fault)

Cura (Care)

Dues (God)

Dico (I Say)

Dies (A Day)

Do (I Give)

Doceo (I Teach)

Dominus (A Lord)

Duco (I Lead)

Duo (Two)

Durus (Hard Lasting)

Eo (I Go)

Esse (To Be)

Facio (I Make)

Fero (I Carry)

Fido (I Trust)

Finis (An End)

Flecto (I Bend)

Forma (A Form)

Fortis (Strong)

Frango (I Break)

Frater (A Brother)

Frons (Forehead)

Fugio (I Flee)

Fundo (I Pour)

Fundus  (Thebottom)

Gens (A Race)

Gradior ( I Go)

Gratia (Favour)

Gravis (Heavy)

Habeo (I Have)

Homo (A Man)

Impero (I Command)

Jacio (I Throw)

Judex (A Judge)

Jungo (I Join)

Labor (I Glide)

Laus (Praise)

Lego (I Gather)

Lego (I Send)

Levis (Light)

Lex ( A Law)

Liber (Free)

Ligo (I Blind)

Litera (A Letter)

Locus (A Place)

Loquor (I Speak)

Ludo (I Play)

Lumen (A Light)

Luo ( I Wash)

Lux (Light)

Magnus (Hand)

Malus (Bad)

Manus (Hand)

Mare (The Sea)

Mater (A Mother)

Medius (The Middle)

Memor (Mindful)

Miles (A Solider)

Mitto (I Send)

Moneo (I Advise)

Mons (A Mountain)

Moveo (I Move)

Multus (Many)

Munus (A Gift)

Navis (A Ship)

Noceo (I Hurt)

Novus (New)

Nox (Night)

Omnis (All)

Pando (I Spread Out)

Pars (A Part)

Pater (A Father)

Patior (I Suffer)

Pello (I Drive)

Pendeo (I Hang)

Pes (A Foot)

Peto (I Seek)

Pleo (I fill)

Pono (I Place)

Porto (I Carry)

Primus (First)

Probo (I Try)

Rapio (I Seize)

Rego (I Rule)

Rumpo (I Break)

Sanctus (Holy)

Scio (I Know)

Scribo (I Write)

Seco (I Cut)

Sentio (I Feel)

Sequor (I Follow)

Servio (I Serve)

Signum (A Sign)

Similis (Like)

Solvo (I Loose)

Speccio (I See)

Spiro (Breath)

Stringo (I Bind)

Struo (I Build)

Sumo (I Take)

Tango (I Touch)

Tempus (Time)

Tendo (I Stretch)

Terminus (An End)

Terra (The Earth)

Texo (I Weave)

Torqueo (I Twist)

Traho (I Draw)

Tribuo (I Give)

Unus (One)

Valeo (I Am Well)

Venio (I Come)

Verbum (A Word)

Verto ( I Turn)

Versus ( I Turn)

Video ( Isee)

Vinco ( I Conquer0

Vivo ( I Live)

Voco ( I Call0

Volo (I Wish)

Volvo (I Roll)

Varo (I Eat)

Voveo (I Vow)

Vulgus (The Common People)


 

A few Greek roots


Ago (I Lead)

Agon (A Contest)

Anthropos (A Man)

Aster (A Star)

Autos (Self)

Biblos (A Book)

Bio (Life)

Chole (Bile)

Chronos (Time)

Deka (Ten)

Demos (The People)

Doxa (Opinion)

Gamos (Marriage)

Geo (The Earth)

Gonia (An Angle)

Grapho (I Write)

Hellos (The Sun)

Hippos (A Horse)

Hodos (A Way)

Hudor (Water)

Idios (One’s Own)

Isos (Equal)

Kosmos (The World)

Kratos (Strength)

Kuklos (A Circle)

Lithos (A Stone)

Logos (A Word)

Luo (I Loosen)

Meter (A Mother)

Metron (A Measure)

Mikros (Little)

Monos (Alone)

Nomos (A Law)

Ode (A Song)

Onoma (A Name)

Orthos (Right)

Pan (All)

Pathos (Feeling)

Petra (A Rock)

Phileo (I Love)

Phone (A Sound)

Phos (Light)

Phrasis (A Speech)

Poleo (I Make)

Polis (A City)

Polus (Many)

Pous (A Foot)

Rheo (I Flow)

Skopeo (I see)

Sophia (Wisdom)

Techne (An Art)

Tele (Far)

Temno (I Cut)

Theos (A God)

Thermos (Warm)

Thesis (A Placing)

Treis (Three)

Tupos (Impression)

Zoon (an Animal)

 

 


 


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