Sentence Linkers/Linking Devices
A
conjunction is a word that joins words or sentences together.
1. He
is honest and she is intelligent. (Two
sentences are connected here.)
2. Three
and three make six. (Two words are connected here.)
Conjunctions are words
that join clauses together to make sentences, and tell how the meanings of the
clauses relate to each other.
Kinds
of conjunctions
- A. Coordinate
Conjunctions
- B. Subordinate
Conjunctions
- C. Correlative
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
They relate two Different words or two different sentences of Equal rank or
status. (In Clauses, they connect only principal/independent clauses)
Such
as: - For, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so (FANBOYS)
Subordinating Conjunctions
They connect subordinating clauses with other clauses.
Such
as: - After, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, even
if, even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than,
since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where,
whereas, wherever, while
Examples:
-
1. We
are going out to meet him after we finish our work.
2. While
I was waiting in line for my turn, I was having my lunch.
3. I
love her because she is so cute.
Correlative
conjunctions
They are always to be used in Pairs.
Such
as = Either … or, Neither…Nor, Both…. And, whether… or, not only… but also.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive
adverbs make up an even stronger category of conjunctions. They show logical
relationships between two independent sentences, between sections of paragraphs,
or between entire paragraphs.
Conjunctive
adverbs are so emphatic that they should be used sparingly: however, when used
appropriately, they can be quite effective.
Such
as Also, Hence, However, Still, Likewise, Otherwise, Therefore. Conversely,
Rather, Consequently, Furthermore, Nevertheless, Instead, Moreover, Then, Thus,
Meanwhile, Accordingly
Examples:
- If
the fish is grilled, I will have that: otherwise, I might have the chicken.
Expletive
They
are closely related to conjunctive adverbs. Expletives convey no meaning of
their own but instead serve only to emphasize the statement to which they are
attached. As such, then, they
technically do not show a logical relationship like time or cause between
ideas, and that fact prevents them from being treated as conjunctive adverbs.
Such
as : -Of course, indeed, naturally, after all, in short, I Hope, at least,
remarkably, in fact, on the whole, Overall, I Suppose, It seems, In brief, I
think, clearly assuredly, definitely to be sure without doubt, for all that, in
any event, importantly, certainly.
Use of Coordinating Conjunctions
And
·
To suggest that one work is sequential
to another
Kamla sent mail in her
application and waited by the call for a response.
·
To suggest that one work is the result
of another
Rajesh heard the weather
forecast and immediately went home.
·
To suggest that one idea is in contrast
to another
Harsh is Smart and Stalin
has a nice smile.
·
To reflect an element of surprise
Mumbai is a rich city
and suffers from many elements of urban stain.
· To reflect that one clause is conditionally
dependent upon another (usually the first clause is an imperative)
Use your Credit card
without care and you will soon find yourself deep in debt.
·
To suggest a kind of comment on the
first clause.
Raveena became addicted
to Gambling and that surprised no one who knew her.
But
·
To reflect a contrast that is unexpected
in light of first clause
John lost a fortune in
the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably.
·
To reflect in an affirmative sense what
the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way
The club never invested
foolishly, but used the services of some smart advisers.
·
To connect two Ideas with the meaning of
with the exception of
Everybody but Jai Krishna
was trying out for the team.
Or
·
To suggest that only one possibility can
be realized, excluding one or the other
You study hard for this
exam or you will not get good marks.
·
To suggest the inclusive combination of
alternatives
We can cook dinner
tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.
·
To suggest a refinement of the first
clause
JDB College is the
Premier Girls College in the district, or so it seems to JDB alumnae.
·
To suggest a restatement or correction
of the first part of the sentence.
There are no tigers in
this sanctuary, or so our guide tells us.
·
To suggest a negative condition.
“ Do or Die”
·
To suggest a negative alternative
without the use of an imperative
They must approve his
political style or they would not keep electing him President.
Nor
The
conjunction NOR is not used often as
other, so it might fell a bit odd. It can be used with other negative
expressions.
He
is neither sane nor smart.
Yet
The
word YET functions sometimes as an
adverb. It can be used reflecting several meanings as - In addition, even,
still, eventually, and as soon as now.
Jack
plays basketball well, yet his favorite game is cricket.
Yet
also functions as a Coordinating conjunction meaning like nevertheless, or but.
For
The
word for is most often used as preposition, It is also used, as Coordinating Conjunction.
Beginning a sentence with the conjunction for should be avoided. Its function
is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause.
Most
of the visitors were happy just relaxing under the shade, for it had been a long,
dusty journey on the cart..
So
So,
sometimes connects two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it
does not.
She
has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that she
avoids crowd.
Subordinating Conjunctions
·
Time: - when, whenever, till, until,
before, after, as soon as, as, since, while.
When I went to office, the peon was going to
his home.
·
Cause or reason – as, because, since,
He is allowed to enter
as he is invited by us.
·
Purpose – that, so that, in order that,
lest
We eat that we may
live.
·
Result or Consequence – so that, such
that, that
The coffee is so hot
that I cannot drink it.
·
Condition – If , Unless, provided, that,
supposing
He will help you if you
ask him.
·
Place – where, wherever, whither, whence
Let her go wherever she
likes to go
·
Comparison – as…as, So…as, unluckiness
He is as strong as your
brother is.
·
Concession - though, although, yet, notwithstanding,
however
She is poor yet she is
trustworthy.
·
Manner –as, as though, so far as
He spoke as if he was
drunk.
Copulative Conjunction
And,
and… also, as well as, Both…and well, now
He
came and wrote an application.
Alternative conjunction
Else,
otherwise, either …or, neither…nor
He
should join or he will be terminated.
Adversative conjunction
However,
but, still, yet, only, nevertheless, while
He
was not sincere however, he got promotion.
Illative (Inferential)
Conjunctions
For,
so, therefore
You
are in power, so you are respected.
Some more important
conjunction
- Not only … but also…
- Neither nor
- Either
or
- Both and
- So That
- No sooner Than
- Hardly had… when
- So soon as
Conjunctions:
Who, whom, whose, which, when, where
·
Who
I saw a woman, who wore
a red sari.
·
Whom
He is the manager whom I
met yesterday.
·
Whose
I know Suresh whose son
passed PMT.
·
Which
I gave you a pen, which
you have lost.
·
When
I was Talking bath when
he came to office my.
·
Where
This is the house where
I lived for three years.